AHMEDABAD: In a significant development for criminal jurisprudence, the Gujarat High Court has modified a conviction from murder to culpable homicide not amounting to murder, emphasizing that while a "dying declaration" can prove who committed an act, it does not always prove the "intention" to kill.

The Division Bench, while hearing an appeal against a Trial Court’s conviction under Section 302 (Murder) of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), observed that the circumstances of the case suggested the accused had "knowledge" that their actions could cause death, but lacked the specific "premeditated intention" required for a murder charge.

The case dates back to a tragic incident involving a domestic or local dispute that escalated rapidly. According to the prosecution, the victim was set ablaze following a heated argument. The victim, who suffered severe burn injuries, managed to give a statement—known legally as a "Dying Declaration"—before succumbing to her injuries.

In the initial trial, the lower court relied heavily on this statement and the nature of the injuries to convict the accused for murder. The accused was sentenced to life imprisonment, leading to the current appeal before the High Court.

The primary question before the High Court was whether the act fell under Section 302 (Murder) or Section 304 (Culpable Homicide Not Amounting to Murder).

To the common reader, these might seem the same, but in law, they are worlds apart. Murder requires a clear "intent to kill," whereas Culpable Homicide can apply when an act is done with the "knowledge" that it is likely to cause death, but without a cold-blooded plan to end a life.

The Bench noted:

"While the dying declaration clearly establishes the identity of the assailant and the act of setting the victim on fire, we must look at the overall context. The incident happened in the heat of the moment without any prior planning or weapon of choice that suggests a pre-designed murder."

A major part of the defense's argument was the reliability of a dying declaration where the victim had over 90% burns. The defense argued that a person in such extreme pain and physical distress could not be in a "fit state of mind" to give a coherent statement.

However, the High Court upheld the validity of the statement. The Court reiterated a settled principle of law: "Nemo moriturus praesumitur mentiri"—a man will not meet his Maker with a lie in his mouth.

The Court held that as long as a medical professional certifies that the victim was conscious and the statement was recorded following due process, it can be the sole basis for identifying the attacker. But, the Court added a crucial caveat—the statement proves who did it, but the court must decide the legal nature of the crime based on the facts.

Absence of Premeditation: The Court found no evidence of "lying in wait" or long-term conspiracy. The fight was sudden.
Medical Complications: In many burn cases, death occurs days later due to "Septicaemia" (infection). The Court often views this as a factor that can reduce the charge from murder to culpable homicide, as the death wasn't instantaneous.
The "Knowledge" Factor: The accused knew that pouring flammable liquid and lighting a match was dangerous. Therefore, they cannot be acquitted, but they can be punished under Section 304 Part I, which carries a lesser sentence (usually 10 years to life) compared to the mandatory life term of Section 302.

This judgment serves as a guide for trial courts across India. It reminds us that:

Dying Declarations are sacred: Even with high burn percentages, if the victim is conscious, their word is heavy evidence.
Intent is King: Every killing is not a murder. The law distinguishes between a "killer" and someone who acted recklessly in a moment of rage.

By converting the conviction to Section 304 Part I, the Gujarat High Court has balanced the scales of justice—ensuring the guilty are punished for the life lost, while also ensuring the law is applied accurately based on the "intent" of the accused.

The appellant, who had already spent a significant number of years in jail, saw their life sentence modified, marking a victory for nuanced legal interpretation.