In a significant judgment that balances environmental accountability with legislative reforms, the Delhi High Court has set aside a jail sentence previously awarded to a business owner for polluting the Yamuna River. Invoking the "beneficial" nature of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 2024, the court replaced the imprisonment with a substantial monetary penalty of ₹10 lakhs and a directive to plant 100 trees.

The decision was delivered by Justice Swarana Kanta Sharma while hearing a revision petition filed by Mr. Raj Kumar Gupta, the proprietor of 'M/s Kanwarji Raj Kumar'.

The legal battle dates back to 2016 when the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) filed a complaint against the petitioner. It was alleged that the petitioner’s establishment, located in the historic Chandni Chowk area, was discharging untreated trade effluent (wastewater) directly into the public sewer. This sewer eventually leads to the Yamuna River, contributing to its deteriorating health.

The Trial Court had originally convicted the petitioner under Sections 43 and 44 of the Water Act, 1974, sentencing him to simple imprisonment for a period of one year and six months. This conviction was later upheld by an Appellate Court, leading the petitioner to approach the High Court.

The turning point in the case was the Parliament’s introduction of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 2024.

Under the original 1974 law, minor violations and first-time offenses often carried mandatory jail time. However, the 2024 Amendment decriminalized several such offenses, replacing imprisonment with financial penalties. The central idea behind this shift was to promote "Ease of Doing Business" while ensuring that the "Polluter Pays" principle is strictly enforced through heavy fines rather than clogging jails with business owners.

Justice Swarana Kanta Sharma observed that while the petitioner had indeed violated environmental norms, the law had changed significantly during the pendency of the case.

The Court noted: "The 2024 Amendment reflects a shift in legislative policy towards a more nuanced approach, where minor or technical violations are dealt with through civil penalties rather than criminal prosecution."

The High Court held that since the law is "beneficial" (meaning it reduces the harshness of the punishment), its spirit could be extended to the petitioner. The Court emphasized that sending a person to jail for an offense that is no longer punishable by imprisonment under the new law would serve no restorative purpose for the environment.

Instead of jail, the Court adopted a "Restorative Justice" model. To ensure that the petitioner understands the gravity of the environmental damage caused, the Court ordered:

Enhanced Penalty: In addition to the ₹2 lakh fine already paid, the petitioner must pay an additional ₹10 lakhs to the DPCC within two months.
Environmental Reparation: The petitioner is directed to plant 100 trees in the Chandni Chowk area (or any location identified by the Forest Department).
Strict Specifications: The trees must be at least two years old (nursery age) with a trunk height of six feet to ensure a higher survival rate.

While the petitioner escaped incarceration, the High Court made it clear that the environment cannot be taken for granted. The judgment serves as a reminder that though the law has moved toward decriminalization, the financial consequences of polluting the Yamuna will be heavy and immediate.

The Court concluded that the ends of justice would be better served by a substantial monetary contribution toward environmental cleaning and the physical restoration of green cover rather than traditional imprisonment.

Case Title: Mr. Raj Kumar Gupta v. Delhi Pollution Control Committee & Anr.
Case Number: CRL.REV.P. 1054/2024
Date of Order: January 29, 2026