In the landscape of Indian criminal law, few topics spark as much debate as the death penalty. When a crime is particularly heinous—especially one involving a child—the public cry for the "ultimate punishment" is often loud. However, the legal system operates on a different frequency, balancing the scales between the horror of the act and the potential of the human being.

The Supreme Court’s judgment in Ravi S/o Ashok Ghumare v. The State of Maharashtra (2019) remains a landmark exploration of this balance, though recent developments have brought the case back into the spotlight.

The Background: A Horrific Crime

The case began with a chilling tragedy in 2012. A two-year-old child was kidnapped, lured with chocolate, sexually assaulted, and murdered. The trial court and the Bombay High Court were both moved by the absolute brutality of the act, viewing it as a direct assault on the conscience of society. Both courts sentenced the accused, Ravi, to death, concluding that no other punishment would fit the crime.

The Legal Question: Is the Crime Enough?

When the case reached the Supreme Court, the judges faced a difficult task. They did not disagree that the crime was barbaric. However, Indian law (specifically following the Bachan Singh and Machhi Singh precedents) requires courts to look at two distinct factors before confirming a death sentence:

The Aggravating Circumstances: The nature of the crime, the victim's vulnerability, and the extreme cruelty involved.

The Mitigating Circumstances: The background of the criminal, their age, their socio-economic status, and the possibility of reform.

The 2019 Verdict: A Majority and a Dissent

In a 2:1 majority verdict, the Supreme Court originally grappled with these factors. While the majority affirmed the conviction, there was a significant discussion regarding the "Rarest of Rare" doctrine.

The Court highlighted several reasons why some might lean toward life imprisonment instead of death:

The Probability of Reform: In the original appeal, it was noted that the State must provide evidence that a criminal is beyond reform to justify the death penalty.

Socio-Economic Roots: The appellant came from a marginalized background, and the court often considers whether poverty and lack of social support played a role in the criminal's trajectory.

Consistency in Sentencing: The court compared this to other cases involving minors where the death penalty was modified to life imprisonment to ensure the law isn't applied arbitrarily.

Recent Development: Mercy Petition Rejected

While the legal journey through the courts was exhaustive, the final door has recently closed. Following the judicial process, Ravi filed a mercy petition before the President of India under Article 72 of the Constitution.

In November 2025, President Droupadi Murmu rejected the mercy petition. This decision marks the finality of the executive review. By rejecting the plea, the President upheld the view that the nature of the crime—the brutal violation of a toddler—was so depraved that it outweighed any grounds for clemency. This rejection reinforces the stance that in cases of extreme atrocities against children, the state's resolve for the highest punishment remains firm.

The Takeaway

The Ravi case teaches us about the rigorous layers of the Indian justice system. It shows a judiciary that carefully weighs a person's potential for reform against a "perverted mind" that shocks the collective conscience. With the President's rejection of the mercy plea, the case serves as a somber reminder that while the law remains dispassionate and explores every avenue of reform, there are certain acts of brutality that the state deems beyond the reach of mercy.

Disclaimer: This article is intended for educational purposes and provides a simplified overview of a legal judgment and subsequent executive action. For full legal citations and specific details, please refer to the official judgment in Criminal Appeal Nos. 1488-1489 of 2018 and official Rashtrapati Bhavan disclosures.

Judgment Link :- https://api.sci.gov.in//pdfdate/index1.php?filename=supremecourt/2016/39218/39218_2016_5_1501_17418_Judgement_03-Oct-2019.pdf&dno=392182016&dt=2019-10-03